ARMS gambeson/aketon - padded/leather medieval armor mail - riveted - butted swords - long-sword (two handed sword) - why? armor advances make shield unnecessary? more power, greater reach - great-sword - longer than long-sword short lived - falchion - single edge sword, possibly allowed to be used by non-knights, greater cutting capacity - eventually tapered, so it can penetrate armor and weaknesses in armor - estoc (fr)/tuck (eng) - pointed, two handed sword, no sharp edge, used to penetrate armor - mace, pollax halberd - sword alternatives against armored opponents - sword becomes a secondary weapon, easier to carry, used in civilian context (no armor) -- hilt developed FIREARMS culevrin - predecessor of musket and cannon culevrin d'armee - hand cannon * muzzle-loading - matchlock/wheellock musket - flintlock musket (fusil) - percussion cap (caplock) * breech loading - needed a cartridge - needle gun (paper cartrige) - chassepot - bolt action, breach loading, paper, then metallic cartrige breech loading allows firing prone rapid-firing gun mitrailleuse - a rapid-firing gun that shoots rifle bullets. Second half of XIX century French invention, used during Franco-Prussian war machineguns - submachinegun - fires less than rifle rounds, to be used fired from the hip/sholder - light machine gun - fires rifle rounds, usually has bipod and can be carried by a single soldier usually magazine fed - medium machine gun - fires rifle rounds but is belt-fed and has a more serious mount, requires a team - heavy machine gun - fires rounds than are heavy than rifle rounds, usually requires a vehichle to carry rifle lengths - full-length: 30-32" barrells - need to be long enough to surpass several rows in case of volley fire, also can turn into a spear with a bayonet - carbin: 17-20" possibly one-handed operation, need to be short and compact - nowdays - short rifles or with smaller caliber light, since loaded by the same round, has higher recoil - short file 24-26" barrel - fire and movement tactic, infantry transported on vehicles, mid XX century TACTICS & STRATEGIES tercio - infantry formation (spanish) schiltron - infantry pike formation (scottish) may be round or square shallower formations for firearms free company - routiers - ecorcheurs military tactics - fabian strategy - double volley - two or three rows at once - countermarch caracole - cavalry tactics somewhat effective against fixed pike formation slow trot to the line, discharge pistol wheel out of range and reload, replaced by Gustafus Adolfus by infantry gallop charge with lances and sabers cavalry troops cuirassiers - heavy cavalry armed with firearms lancers (uhlans) - light cavalry, fight with lances hussars - light cavalry, originated from Hungary, peculiar uniforms dragoons - mounted infantry, light cavalry, hores to deliver infantry to the fight reiters (schwareze reiter) - heavy cavalry with multiple (heavy) pistols, used caracole, discharge at short range army of observation - monitors given area or enemy force in preparation for possible hostilities meeting engagement/encounter battle - moving forces battle incompletely deployed for battle defeat in detail - tactic of concentraing to beat opponent forces peacemeal trace Italienna - bastion fort field army - originally, army in the field as opposed to a garrison army tirailleur - skirmisher during Napoleonic wars, light infantry armed with rifles to go in front of line infantry to conduct an aimed fire at enemy infantry and soften them for the main assault order of battle - command strucutre, strength and disposition of personnel and equipment participating in a military operation BATTLES & WARS & HISTORICAL EVENTS ancient greek - marathon(490BC) second punic war - Cannae(216BC) - Zama(202BC) - end of second punic war Teutonburg Forest (9CE) lines germanicus - frontier fortifications that separated roman empire from gemranic tribes medieval - Battle of Golden Spurs -- goedendags - flemmish pikes noble mounted knights defeated by piked infantry 100-years war (1337-1453) burgundian wars (1474-1477) battle of marignano(1515) swiss mercenaries vs langsknechts 80-years war (1568-1648) Dutch War of Independence 30-years war (1617-1648), killed one third of Germany's population concluded with a Peace of Westphalia(1648); piece ratified between princes, religious powers essentially ignored, concept of sovereign state - Battle of Breitenfeld (1931) Gusavus Adolphus vs. Tilly, protestant vs. catholics last battle of tercios, rout of cathlics validated Adolphus' military reforms - Battle of Rain, Adolphus vs. Tilly - Battle of Lutzen (1632), Adolphus vs. Wallenstein, technically the protestant victory 9-years war (1688-97) Luis XIV vs European coalition, possibly first global war war of spanish succession(1701-1714) - ne plus ultra line 1711 battles - Blenheim (1704) - Ramillies (1706) - Malplaquet (1709) 7-years war (1756-1763) - Leuthen frist (1848-1851) and second (1864) schleswig war - Dybbol austro-prussian war (1866) - Koniggratz franco-prussian war(1870) - Gravelotte - Siege of Metz - Sedan WWI eastern front - Tannenberg (Aug 26-30, 2014) - Msurian Lakes (Sep 2, 2014) - First Battle of the Marne (Sept 6-10, 2014) - race to the sea - Verdun - Somme - Passchendaele - Jul - Nov 2017 - Cambrai (Nov - Dec 2018) - Arras, BEF offensive 160K casualities vs. 125,000 german CAPTAINS & PERSONALITIES Niccolo Machiavelli "War is just when it is necessary" Maurice of Nassau (Dutch Republic) Gustavus Adolphus (Gustav II Adolf) Lion of Midnight - military reform: professional army with - double volley fire - articulated infantry formation - standardizing guns to few calibers -- introducing field artillery - standardized caliber light muskets - replacing heavy cavarly and caracole/pistols with lances/sabers and cavalry charge Abrecht von Wallenstein - able katholic general eventually defeated Gustavu Adolphus at Lutzen Prince of Orange John Churchill Duke of Marlborough Eugine of Savoy - co-comander of Duke of Marlborough Louis XIV of France (1643-1715) Sebastien Veuban - military engineer in Luis XIV times, constructor of fortresses built ne plus ultra line Otto von Bismarck Helmuth von Moltke The Elder (the uncle) Bazaine Helmuth von Moltke the Younger (the nephew) FOREIGN & ENGLISH TERMS english - sutler - wartime supplier of goods to the military - revolution of military affairs (RMA) - apparently, originally a soviet military concept: new military doctrines, strategeis, tactics lead to an irrevocable hange in the conduct of warfare - panglossian - overly and naively optimistic - forlorn hope - a band of solgiers in a military operation with high risk of casualties latin - ultima ratio - final argument/the last resort - bellum se ipsum alet - war must pay for itself - primus inter pares - first among equals german - schlacht - battle -- materialschlacht - attrition warfare -- kesselschlacht - encirclement - krieg - war -- blitzkrieg - lighting war - kleiner krieg - guerilla warfare vernichtugskrieg - war of annihilation - kabinettskriege - cabinet war: war for limited goals with frequently changing coalitions - mid 17 to mid 18-th centuries. As opposed to wars of religion of earlier times and total or revolutionary people's wars that came later - kreigskasse - war chest - Staatsraison - national interest - weltmacht - world power - weltpolitic (world politics) - imperialist policy of Germany at turn of 20ieth century as opposed to realpolitik practiced by Bismarck - kaserheer (emperor's army) - german army at turn of 20ieth century and WWI - schnellfeuer (rapid fire) - technique and firearms capable of quick firing and reloading - auftragstaktik - mission command, mission-type tactics - 19th century german tactics. Subordinate is given a mission, means of accomplishing it and time frame, left to initiative and freedom of execution - trommelfeuer - artillery barrage - westheer - western german army WWI - ostheer - eastern german army WWI - Wehrmacht (defense force) WWII name for german armed forces french - sans agents, sans la Suisse (No silver, no Swiss) - guerre mortelle (bellum romanum Roman war): no privelege of ransom, conquered could be slain or enslaved, prisoners could be massacred, no distinction between combatans and non-combatans war with no quarter. Usually used in religious wars (in crusades) against infidels - bellum hostile - chivalry code of conduct: don't attack unamred foe, don't charge unhorsed opponent, don't attack from behind, avoid cheating and torture no enslavement of prisoners, good treatment of captured nobility - jacquerie - popular (pesant) revolt. Captialized, during 100-years war - guerre de course (war of the chase) - comerce raiding - petite guerre - guerilla warfare - la gloria - glory - coup d'oeil (militare) - ability of a general at one glance to see advantages and disadvantages of terrain - raison d'Etat - national interest - arme blanche - холодное оружие - levee en masse - mass conscription - le roi connetable - warrior king - espirit de corps - guerre a outrance (war to excess) - people's and guerilla war as practiced during Franco-Prussian War (1870) - l'annee terrible (terrible year) - poems by Victor Hugo about Franco-Prussian War - elan vital - vital force - spirit of inidividaul soldiers was more importan for victory than weapoins - on ne passe pas - they shall not pass. WWI french slogan, especialy popular during battle of sedan