* war of roses, hundred years war with france, peasant revolts of the
  14 centruies undermined English feudal order

* in 15th 16th centuries cloth making industry transformed England,
  made it a capitalist nation. Circumstances: England's isolation
  (compared to continental europe); improved means of navigation
  benefited coastal shipping; impoved/extended user of water power for
  cloth fulling mills; rural setting of cloth industry placed it
  outside urban guilds

  at the beginning of 16th century
  - the price of wool rose faster than the price of grain, rent for
    pasture rose to several times the rent of crop land
  - this led to the displacement and proletarization of peasants
  
  to contribute, 16 century was relatively free of war and plauge
  (thee population of england grew by almost a half: 1.3mil to 4.1 mil)
  in the last six decades of th 16th century; and only by 0.9mil in
  the entire 17th century

* Enlgish colonization was different from other colonial powers in
  that it vented its "excess people" to the colonies and used European
  emigrants as basic plantation workers. If it weren't for this
  peculiarity, racial slavery of Anglo-American variety would never
  have existed.

* yeomanry was specifically maintained (order of King Henry, late
  16th century) to maintain social order during day-to-day operations
  among emporerished masses. They weren't very useful during revolts

* anti-vagabond laws of mid-16 century tried to enslave "idle"
  people but were not successful, repealed in 3 years facing 
  peasant revolts and ineffectivness:
  - having few slaves was uneconomic (need to drive and check 
    quality of work)
  - easy to flee, hard to recapture

* failing this law, Statute of Artificers established
  - it was required that wages had to be paid
  - apprenticeship, indentured service tradition, usually for seven
    years, usually with age restrictions

* decline of indian slavery due to "unfitness" counter arguments
  - sour-grapes - indians often successfully resised enslavement
  - indians needed for trading and as a (social control) buffer to
    return runaway slave
  - did not want to work on the same terms as English 
    indentured servants 

  as racial slavery developed, indians became not-enslavable
  and non-assimilable

VIRGINIA COLONY

1607-24 - company period
   07-10 - labor conformed to traditional English system, contracts, wages
   10-18 - company workers, workers brought from England
   	   tobacco cultivation started, (1618) first instance
	   of worker being transferred (like chattel) 
	   from company to individual planter
   19-24 - tobacco boom, colony planting becomes monoculture
   	   crisis of tobacco overproduction, drop in 
	   price, closure of Virginia Company, price
	   continues to fall

   almost of the cost of production was the price of labor, as profits
   fall, captialists needed to cut labor costs 

intermediate bondage forms - convicts, apprentices and maids-for-wives
   duty boys - "vagrant children"

1620-ies, in 1922 laborers were tenants, tenantship was destroyed,
     colony elite emerges with concentration of land ownership,
     colony depended on England for supplies which made tenants,
     laborers depend on planters, regulations against planting
     corn (defense against indian attack)
	 
     - high death rate: half of 600 colonists living in Virginia
       in 1619 were still living in 1625

     - headright, a capitalist is entitled to land if he trasported
       laborer from England

Analysis of beginning of Chapter 6
     - for normal operation of capitalism, a reserve army of labor is
       needed.  It is gradually created one way or another. However,
       faced with falling tobacco prices, tobacco planters did
       not have time to wait. Hence - one way bondage - workers cannot
       leave, yet planters may let them go

- assign (1622-23) - using laborers as a way to settle estate debts

- debunking apolgies for slavery
  1. there was a shortage of poor laborers in Virginia, hence
     6 pounds cost of transportation is paid for the employer by the worker
     no,  even if laborer survived for a year - he would have repaid his
       transportation costs more than seven times

  2. it was adaptation of master-servant relation existing in England
     no, workers in england had a legal presumption of liberty,
     they had yearly contracts and were presumed to be self-supporting.
     in Virginia they were not allowed to leave without owners permission
     and were reduced to chattels

  3. it was indispensable for the progess of the colony
     no, could have cleared the woods with tentants and could have
     farms like in the north

chapter 7 
 92K european migrants came to Virginia 1607-1682 - 3/4 were
 bond laborers